Network security protocols are the primary means of securing data in motion; that is, data communicated between closely connected physical devices or between devices and even virtual machines ...

OSI Reference Model The ISO (International Organization for ... ACK and NAK responses are examples of Data Link Layer functions. Layer 1 - Physical The Physical Layer describes the physical properties ...

The Price to Earnings (P/E) ratio, a key valuation measure, is calculated by dividing the stock's most recent closing price by the sum of the diluted earnings per share from continuing operations ...

When it comes to electrically conductive nanomaterials, graphene—stronger and lighter than steel and more conductive than ...

Programmed cell death-1, or PD-1, has become a headline-grabbing molecule best known for its role in cancer immunotherapies ...

The problem they're tackling is what's known as "Boltzmann tyranny." It refers to the fundamental limit to how little voltage is required to switch a silicon ...

To overcome these challenges, we present approaches based on physical‐layer security. First, we recall the general principles of physical‐layer authentication (PLA) and then we introduce the novel ...

This chapter presents a study of the physical‐layer security (PLS) for OWC with a special focus on the indoor visible light communication (VLC). Some commonly adopted VLC systems, e.g., ...

Blockchain infrastructure has evolved to encompass an ecosystem of layer-1 and layer-2 networks. In this article we’ll explore the difference between the two, and how layer-2 networks and other ...